2011

Another important aspect of resolving relationship issues is identity formation. Stage theories of identity formation have proved particularly useful in helping therapists assess clients’ development, predict and describe normative changes, and assist clients to normalize their own experiences. Theorists since Freud and Erikson posited developmental stages, usually (ideally) culminating in a strong heterosexual identity (Hoare, 2005). However, for gay or lesbian clients, these models are surely inadequate, even, perhaps, offensive. Over the past few decades several models of homosexual identity formation have been posited, critiqued, and researched (Cass, 1979; Chapman & Brannock, 1987; Coleman, 1982; McCarn & Fassinger, 1996; Troiden, 1989). Most of these theorists speculated that achieving a strong identity is dependent upon accepting one’s own sexual identity/orientation. Acceptance is often defined as coming out to self and others.