2009

Reviews of counseling approaches indicate a wide variance from several having little impact on youth, to some efficacy with behavioral parent training, cognitivebehavioral therapy, and functional family therapy (Borduin, 1999). The success of treatment approaches was defined by Henggeler and Sheidow (2003) in a review of over 500 treatment designs. They concluded that only three programs, which were multisystemic, reduced criminal behavior. Further studies stated that they were four primary factors that contributed to positive behavioral changes with adjudicated youth: client factors, relationship factors, hope, and model techniques (Clark, 2001).